Anatomy & Physiology

Respectful illustration of a hand with an additional little finger

Why Are Some People Born With Extra Fingers?

What polydactyly is, why it happens and how treatment depends on the structure and function of the extra digit.

Why Are Some People Born With Extra Fingers?

What polydactyly is, why it happens and how treatment depends on the structure and function of the extra digit.

Clinical illustration of healthy liver tissue regenerating after surgery

Can the Human Liver Regenerate? What That Reall...

The liver can restore functional mass after injury or surgery, but regeneration has limits and is not the same as growing a new organ.

Can the Human Liver Regenerate? What That Reall...

The liver can restore functional mass after injury or surgery, but regeneration has limits and is not the same as growing a new organ.

Medical illustration showing a healthy appendix attached to the caecum

Is the Appendix Really Useless? Modern Science ...

What current research suggests about the appendix, including immune tissue and a possible role in the gut microbiome.

Is the Appendix Really Useless? Modern Science ...

What current research suggests about the appendix, including immune tissue and a possible role in the gut microbiome.

Medical illustration showing a transplanted kidney in the lower abdomen

Do You Keep Your Own Kidneys After a Transplant?

Why a transplanted kidney is usually added in the lower abdomen while the person’s original kidneys stay in place.

Do You Keep Your Own Kidneys After a Transplant?

Why a transplanted kidney is usually added in the lower abdomen while the person’s original kidneys stay in place.

Inside a blood vessel showing red blood cells and the endothelial lining

Endothelium Explained for UK Student Nurses: Th...

How the thin endothelial lining of blood vessels helps regulate vascular tone, clotting, inflammation and fluid movement.

Endothelium Explained for UK Student Nurses: Th...

How the thin endothelial lining of blood vessels helps regulate vascular tone, clotting, inflammation and fluid movement.

Paired kidneys showing renal blood vessels, ureters and internal kidney anatomy

Kidney Anatomy and Function: Why These Two Bean...

How the kidneys filter blood, regulate fluid and electrolytes, support blood pressure, activate vitamin D and produce erythropoietin.

Kidney Anatomy and Function: Why These Two Bean...

How the kidneys filter blood, regulate fluid and electrolytes, support blood pressure, activate vitamin D and produce erythropoietin.